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大师班:为你打造最完美的摄影技巧改进计划 [复制链接]

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让景深为我所用

David Clapp将带你学习景深的知识,并通过控制景深,拍摄出更优秀的照片。

控制景深是照片成功的关键。在你拍摄之前,就要想好哪些景物是清楚的,让照片的哪部分模糊。控制景深大有学问,不同的拍摄题材会有很大的差别。比如在风光摄影中,我们希望从远处的云彩到近处的礁石全部清晰,将远景、中景和近景的细节全部表现出来。

而在微距摄影中,你可能只需要很小的景深,只需要拍摄一个细节,而大部分的景物都虚化在柔美的焦外。比如拍摄花蕊的柱头,花瓣会虚化成色块,既不干扰主体,又烘托了画面的气氛。在很多平面广告上也能看到景深的实际应用,无论是珠宝还是箱包,照片的景深总能让你将注意力集中在商品上。在你拍摄一张照片时,也要思考这个问题:该如何将观众的注意力引导到你要表现的主体上。如何提高你控制景深的能力呢?最好的方法就是熟悉你的镜头。景深是焦平面(或对焦点)前后成像清楚的范围。控制景深最直观的方法就是调节光圈。光圈大(如f/2.8)景深小,光圈小(如f/16)景深就大。焦距也会影响景深的大小,在相同的光圈下,焦距越长景深越小。有时候长焦镜头的光圈设置为f/16也得不到你需要的景深。

所以了解你的镜头能够提供多大的景深,是照片成功与否的关键。

关键在于对焦将焦点放在什么位置是控制景深的关键?你可以想象这样一 幅画面:远处是层峦叠嶂的山峰,中景有一栋房子,在离你一米远的地方有一丛灌木。即使是使用f/22的光圈和最短的焦距,也很难让灌木和远山都清楚。所以在对焦时,要考虑将焦点放在哪里才能

保证前景、后景最大限度的清晰。这时候应该讲焦点放在整个焦程的前三分之一处,此时得到的景深是最大的。在构图时,最好将中景的房子放在焦点上。

校正显示器

即使你的Photoshop水平再高,显示器色彩不准确也是枉然。正所谓磨刀不误砍柴工,几个简单的设置就能让你少走弯路。

当你拍摄了一张照片,并经过精心的后期制作,想把它打印出来挂在墙上时,最令人气愤的就是你在电脑里看到的显示效果和真实的不一样。显示器的颜色不准会让你后期调整花费的经历都付诸东流。最简单的办法就是校正显示器,以保证你能看到最真实的效果。校正电脑的显示器听起来很难,其实非常简单。几个简单地方法就能让你在显示器上看到的效果更加接近打印机输出的照片。简单的校准工具并不难,有些操作系统,如Mac OS和Windows 7都自带显示器调整软件,只需几分钟就可以完成设置。但是如果你想要更加准确的还原色彩,专业的校色工具和软件必不可少。


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针孔相机

Ben Brain将教我们使用单机身进行拍摄,揭示针孔摄影的奥秘。

没有镜头也能拍照了吗?答案是肯定的,信不信由你。左上方的照片就是使用一台没有镜头的奥林巴斯E-PL2拍摄的。这种亦真亦幻的效果正是来自于最基本的拍摄原理——小孔成像原理。制作一个数码针孔相机非常简单,你自己在家里就可以完成制作,也不需要复杂的专业工具。但如果你想看到更加专业的针孔相机效果,可以从 [url]www.douban.com/group/pinhole/得到更多的资料和信息,在这个豆瓣小组中有很多使用针孔相机拍摄的图片。你还可以将自己拍摄的针孔照片上传到“pinholers”针孔摄影全球网上论坛,和朋友们分享你的照片,并和全世界的摄友分享你的成果。你可以访问[url]www.pinholeday.org网站。当然我们也希望能看到你的针孔照片,如果你有自己满意的作品,可以发到我们的电子邮箱[email]yingxiangshijue2009@gmail.com[/email]。

水下艺术

Igor Kraguljac的照片风格独特,有一种文艺复兴时期绘画作品的凝重和华丽。想知道这幅水下人像是如何拍摄的?那就请跟随我们的精彩剖析找出答案。

RAW格式到底是什么?

RAW格式的照片文件比JPEG格大,而且还要花费更多的后期编辑时间,为什么我们还要使用RAW格式呢?

越来越多的人建议使用RAW格式拍照,到底有没有必要用RAW格式呢?

请阅读我们这篇关于RAW格式的文章,你就会发现,使用RAW格式拍照非常有必要, 相比于JPEG文件,它有更大的优势。只要你的相机有RAW格式的选项,就尽量用它拍照吧。所有数码单反相机和高级的卡片机都可以用RAW格式拍照。



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和JPEG格式相比,RAW的优势在哪里呢?

“RAW”在英文中有“原本”的意思,和它的名字一样。顾名思义,RAW格式就是由感光元件直接获取的原始数据,未经压缩和处理。严格来讲RAW文件并不是图像文件,而是一个数据包,需要在格式转换软件中转换为图片。它提供了比JPEG文件更大的处理空间和更高的图像质量。

RAW是真正意义上的“电子底片”,储存着大量的数据和信息,你可以在“数码暗房”——电脑中对这些信息进行分析和编辑。

因为RAW文件不经过相机内的影像生成器的转换,所以除了曝光,前期的许多设定对它不起作用,你可以在在RAW格式专用的转换软件中内对照片的色彩、白平衡、反差、锐化等进行编辑,甚至连曝光都可以微调。换句话说,RAW文件中,几乎一切都可以在后期进行编辑。

这听上去不太真实啊!难道在拍摄时我们就不用正确的设置参数,只要后期调整就可以了吗?

当然不是这样,调整和彻底更改是两回事。数码摄影最难以把握的地方就是如何平衡前期拍摄和后期处理的关系。在使用RAW格式拍摄,并进行后期转换和编辑的时候,这个调整程度也是有限度的。你可以调整亮度、颜色和阴影处的细节,可是巧妇难为无米之炊,你的照片没有细节就无从调整。所以照片的曝光要尽量准确,其他设置也会对画质有所影响。

请记住,使用RAW拍摄进行后期编辑不是为了修补拍摄时的错误,而是为了让照片变得更好。

RAW文件要比JPEG的文件大吗?

是的。因为RAW文件的信息量要比JPEG的信息量大很多。JPEG文件是八位文件, 为三种颜色(绿、红、蓝)都提供了00000000到11111111的值,对于不懂得2进制的人来说,更直观的解释就是JPEG为每种颜色提供了256个值,也就是为图片提供了约1670万种色彩的选择。但是数码相机可以检测出来的色彩细节远远超过这个数值。

相比于JPEG文件, 数码相机检测出来的色彩会多多少呢?

数码单反相机通常可以提供12或14位的设备,每个色彩通道可以提供4000到16000个值,也就是说可以为每个像素提供68.7亿到40000亿种不同的色彩和亮度选择。听起来这么多的色彩有点夸张。RAW文件可以在不降低画质的情况下调整曝光、对比度和色彩平衡。高级的RAW编辑软件都是用16位处理,保证在你编辑的过程中保留所有的数据和信息。

所有图像编辑软件都能编辑RAW文件吗?

不是, 但是很多软件都可以安装RAW转换插件。在你购买相机的时候,厂家都会随机奉送RAW转换软件, 有些软件只适用于某款相机。而像AdobePhotoshop、Photoshop Elements还有Corel PaintShop Pro这些软件都支持RAW格式的文件。但是RAW不是一个标准化的软件格式,每个厂家都会是用自己专有的编码数据,所以每发布一款新相机,它的RAW文件代码会和以前的不同,这就意味着,转换程序要随时更新,才能编辑最新的RAW文件。

这也太复杂了!

这的确容易让人糊涂。在新相机推出之后,第三方软件要发布新的转换软件肯定需要时间。而且Adobe最新的ACR在很多旧版的Photoshop上无法使用,这就意味着你必须更新整个软件,而不是一个转换插件。Adobe公司曾经在业界推广统一标准,将所有的RAW文件都转为DNG文件,但是只有少数厂家有所响应。

无论拍摄什么,我都需要使用RAW格式吗?

最好是这样。RAW的缺点就在于后期处理比较麻烦,占空间较大,而且再写入时会比JPEG文件慢。在连续拍摄3、4张照片以后,相机可能会需要有一定的时间处理。所以很多体育摄影师使用JPEG格式拍照,这样可以最大限度的提高拍摄速度。但是在我们日常的拍摄中,还是应该以保证画质为重。



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拍出更有动感的照片

怎样拍出画面锐利,又极富动感的照片?其实使用追随拍摄技巧就可以轻松实现。

在追随拍摄时,一定要站稳,焦点对准拍摄物体,随着被摄体的运动转动镜头。在拍摄前可以在取景器里观察运动物体的速度,掌握它的运动规律。随后你就能得到一张主体清晰、背景模糊的照片。

认识驱动模式

深入认识各种驱动模式,保证你在不同的拍摄场景使用不同的模式。

对很多人来说,摄影的乐趣在于凝固某一个时刻或者场景。从日出风光、肖像和室内静物到体育运动和街景抓拍,这些不同的拍摄场景都需要你不停地更改相机的设置才可以达到最佳拍摄效果。在不同的场景下选择正确的驱动模式,可以让你对各种场景应对自如。在拍摄静态的场景,比如风光和景物时,你可以使用单张驱动模式,这样不仅仅是为了节省电池的电量,更可以让你放慢拍摄的节奏,有更多时间去思考。这还会使你更加珍视每一次按下快门的机会,不断调整和完善拍摄的参数,以达到最好的效果。在拍摄运动物体时,也许你没法获得第二次相同的机会。这时候就应该设置好拍摄参数,并将驱动模式调整为连拍模式,当你按下快门时,相机会连续拍摄。每秒拍摄的张数因相机不同而有所差异。在某些相机上,你还可以选择高速连拍和低速连拍。在拍摄人像时,低速连拍可以有效的捕捉人物微妙的表情变化。在拍摄体育运动时,就要使用高速连拍,拍摄尽可能多的照片,这样能大大提高拍摄的成功率。


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我平时只用JPEG格式,很少用Raw出片,玩玩么也无所为。
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